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Module 3: Chapter 19

5. What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?
The Ottoman Empire wasn’t able to deal with Europe from a position of superiority and equality. The Ottoman Empire went from being  “the strong sword of Islam, to being “the sick man of Europe”. The Muslim world viewed the Ottoman world as “the strong sword of Islam”, it was unable to to prevent region to region from falling under the control of Christian powers. The Ottoman Empires domain shrank with the Russian, British, Australian and French aggression. The French entered Cairo and destroyed all books and Quranic volumes like trash. They destroyed the mosque, smashing bottles and spitting and peeing on it. In China, the Ottoman state weakened in that they weren’t able to raise revenue while provincial authorities and warlords gained power. The Ottoman and Arab lands in AfroEurasian commerce vanished due to the Europeans starting gaining oceanic access to treasures in Asia. The growing debt that the Ottoman Empire had, made them rely on foreign loans to finance for economic development. Ottoman Empire soon depended on Europe. 
6. In what different ways did the Ottoman state respond to its various problems?
The leadership of the Ottoman Empire realized its problems and mounted programs of defense modernization that were more sustainable and vigorous than the measures of strengthening in China. Modern innovations stirred hostility among the ulama and the elite military corps of Janissaries. After 1839, Tanzimat took shape as the Ottoman leadership to provide economic, social and legal underpinnings for a newly recentalized state. 
7. In what different ways did various groups define the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century?
The Ottoman Empire was an inclusive state to those people who were loyal to the dynasty who ruled it. The Young Ottoman sought many major changes in the political system of the Ottoman Empire. “They favored a European style parliamentary and constitutional regime that could curtail the absolute power of the sultan”. The Young Ottoman saw the empire as a secular state where people were loyal to those who ruled it. This group thought the empire or the Muslim society should embrace Western scientific knowledge but without its materialism. They also thought that they were able to find freedom, progress and patriotism in Islam. 

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